Peel and dice 1 pound sweet potato to 3/4-inch pieces (about 3 cups). Dice 1 medium white onion (about 1 1/2 cups); reserve 1/3 cup for serving. Mince 4 garlic cloves. Finely chop 1 chipotle pepper in adobo sauce. Drain and rinse 1 (15-ounce) can kidney beans.
Heat 1 tablespoon olive oil in a large pot or Dutch oven over medium-high heat until shimmering. Add 1 pound ground beef in an even layer and let cook undisturbed until browned on the bottom, about 4 minutes. Stir with a wooden spoon or spatula, breaking the meat up into smaller pieces. Season with 1 teaspoon of the kosher salt. Cook until cooked through, 2 to 3 minutes more. Transfer the beef to a plate with a slotted spoon.
Reduce the heat to medium. Add the remaining onion and season with a pinch of kosher salt. Cook, stirring occasionally, until soft and translucent, 4 to 6 minutes. Add the garlic and cook until fragrant, about 1 minute.
Add the sweet potato, chipotle pepper, 1 tablespoon packed dark brown sugar, 1 tablespoon chili powder, 2 teaspoons to 1 tablespoon sauce from the can of chipotle peppers in adobo sauce (depending on spicy heat level desired), 2 teaspoons ground cumin, 2 teaspoons smoked paprika, 2 teaspoons dried oregano, and the remaining 1 teaspoon kosher salt. Stir well to coat the potato in the spices.
Add 1 (28-ounce) can crushed tomatoes. Pour water into the can to rinse, then pour into the pot. Scrape up any browned bits stuck to the bottom of the pot with a wooden spoon. Bring just up to a boil. Add the beans and ground beef and any accumulated juices on the plate. Stir to combine and bring to a simmer.
Cover and simmer, reducing the heat as needed, until the sweet potatoes are tender, about 30 minutes. Meanwhile, prepare any toppings as needed.
Taste the chili and season with more adobo sauce or chopped chipotle peppers as needed. Serve topped with cheddar cheese, sour cream, cilantro, white onion, and corn chips as desired.